Trust-Based Security Technique to Curb Cooperative Black Hole Attacks in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks using OTB-DSR Protocol in NS-3

The advent of mobile technology led to the emergence of Mobile Ad-hoc networks (MANETs). These networks have no infrastructure and central authority. Nodes in MANETs act as both routers and hosts. MANET nodes join and leave the network at will making the network topology dynamic. MANETs are prone to both passive and active security attacks. Blackhole is a denial of service attack under active attacks. Blackhole nodes work in collaboration forming cooperative black hole attacks. The attacks drop or redirecting data packets on transit. Cooperative blackhole attacks are dangerous in operations where communication is critica

Analysis of the Problem Internet Use (PIU) Among Adolescents in Kenyan Schools

There has been a rapid growth in internet use in Kenya. Adolescents are the highest users of internet in the country. This puts adolescents at risk of becoming addictive internet users. Adolescent internet use has also been found to have negative consequences which include problematic social relationships, poor academic performance and psychological disturbance. Studies in other countries have associated increased levels of addictive internet use among individuals who are depressed. However, in Kenya, problem internet use and its relationship with depression and academic performance among adolescents has not been established. The current study sought to establish the relationship between problem of internet use and poor academic performance among adolescents in Kenya schools. The study used correlation design to establish the relationship between the variables. The target population was all adolescents in Form 1 - 4 and their class teachers. Random sampling was used to sample students from both public and private secondary schools. A total of 100 respondents participated in the study. Questionnaires were administered to students to gauge their addiction levels and interviews were conducted with their class teachers to gauge the performance levels of their students. Percentages and measures of central tendency were used to describe the data. The findings revealed a prevalence of 16.8% of problem internet use and a prevalence of 23.6% of performance. Independent samples T-test was used to test for differences in problem internet use between male and female students. The findings revealed that female students were likely to be problem internet users compared to male adolescents. Pearson’s product moment correlation was used to establish the relationship between poor academic performance and problem internet use and it was found that a weak positive relationship existed between poor academic performance and problem internet use. The study also identified various measures that could be used to mitigate the problem of problem internet use among adolescents. Based on the findings, it was concluded that there was need to identify and help the affected students exercise moderation and self control when using the internet in order for them to achieve their lifetime goals. The findings of the study also provide empirical evidence on the gender differences in performance and problem internet use which may be useful in improving counseling interventions for adolescent students/pupils. Keywords: poor academic performance, internet user, problem internet use, adolescents. DOI: 10.7176/JIEA/9-6-04 Publication date:October 31st 201

Analysis of the Problem Internet Use (PIU) Among Adolescents in Kenyan Schools

There has been a rapid growth in internet use in Kenya. Adolescents are the highest users of internet in the country. This puts adolescents at risk of becoming addictive internet users. Adolescent internet use has also been found to have negative consequences which include problematic social relationships, poor academic performance and psychological disturbance. Studies in other countries have associated increased levels of addictive internet use among individuals who are depressed. However, in Kenya, problem internet use and its relationship with depression and academic performance among adolescents has not been established. The current study sought to establish the relationship between problem of internet use and poor academic performance among adolescents in Kenya schools. The study used correlation design to establish the relationship between the variables. The target population was all adolescents in Form 1 - 4 and their class teachers. Random sampling was used to sample students from both public and private secondary schools. A total of 100 respondents participated in the study. Questionnaires were administered to students to gauge their addiction levels and interviews were conducted with their class teachers to gauge the performance levels of their students. Percentages and measures of central tendency were used to describe the data. The findings revealed a prevalence of 16.8% of problem internet use and a prevalence of 23.6% of performance. Independent samples T-test was used to test for differences in problem internet use between male and female students. The findings revealed that female students were likely to be problem internet users compared to male adolescents. Pearson’s product moment correlation was used to establish the relationship between poor academic performance and problem internet use and it was found that a weak positive relationship existed between poor academic performance and problem internet use. The study also identified various measures that could be used to mitigate the problem of problem internet use among adolescents. Based on the findings, it was concluded that there was need to identify and help the affected students exercise moderation and self control when using the internet in order for them to achieve their lifetime goals. The findings of the study also provide empirical evidence on the gender differences in performance and problem internet use which may be useful in improving counseling interventions for adolescent students/pupils. Keywords: poor academic performance, internet user, problem internet use, adolescents. DOI: 10.7176/JIEA/9-6-04 Publication date:October 31st 201

Complexity metrics for measuring the understandability and maintainability of Business Process Models using Goal-Question-Metric (GQM)

Business Process Models (BPMs), often modeling language such as UML activity between the created using stakeholders in the can provide us a diagrams, Event- Driven Process Chains Markup Language (EPML) and Yet Another Workflow Language (YAWL), serve as a base for communication that adequate software development process. In order to fulfill this purpose, they should be easy to understand and easy to maintain. For this reason, it is useful to have measures information about understandability and maintainability of the BPM. Although there are hundreds of software complexity measures that have been described and published by many researchers over the last few decades, measuring the complexity of business process models is a rather new area of research with only a small number of contributions. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive report on how existing complexity metrics of software were adapted in order to analyze the current business process models complexity. We also proposed a Goal- Question-Metric (GQM) framework for measuring the understandability and maintainability of BPMs

Size and complexity metrics as indicators of maintainability of business process execution language process models

One of the most popular process modeling languages is the Business Process Execution Language (BPEL). Despite the popularity, BPEL process models have an inherent complexity. This complexity keeps on increasing with age as a result of maintenance routines. Structural properties of BPEL process models such as size and complexity are claimed to influence maintainability factor of the process models. In the past, researchers have applied measurement to quantify the size and complexity of process models and thereafter utilized the measurement results to modify or to enhance the quality of the models. The problem with BPEL process measurement is that very few valid metrics exist that can beused for BPEL process models. Although several validation studies have been carried out, these were based on other language environments other than BPEL. To generalize the results of these studies to BPEL process models might be inaccurate, especially that BPEL has richer semantics than most other business process modeling languages. In addition, many of the existing validation studies did not focus on the external quality characteristic of maintainability, which makes it difficult to assess the value of the validated metrics as maintainability indicators for BPEL process models. To address this problem, this thesis proposes a suite of size and complexity metrics for measuring the structural properties of BPEL process models and then investigates whether these metrics can be useful indicators of the maintainability of BPEL process models. Theoretical validation studies based on Briand’s framework and Weyuker’s properties were conducted to find out whether the metrics were theoretically sound as required. Empirical studies by means of experimentations were also conducted to find out whether the metrics had any correlation with maintainability sub-characteristics of understandability and modifiability. Theoretical validation results indicate that the metrics satisfy the two theoretical frameworks at acceptable levels in their respective categories. Experimental results were also significant for all proposed metrics, which means that these metrics are highly correlated to maintainability subcharacteristics of understandability and modifiability. This shows that the proposed size and complexity metrics can be useful as indicators of the maintainability of BPEL process models